ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) deals with development of algorithms that seek to perceive one’s environment and perform actions that maximize one’s chance of successfully reaching one’s predetermined goals. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the basic principles of AI and its main studies in the fields of glaucoma, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. From this perspective, the limitations and potential challenges that have accompanied the implementation and development of this new technology within ophthalmology are presented. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review developed by a research group at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We searched the literature on the main applications of AI within ophthalmology, using the keywords “artificial intelligence”, “diabetic retinopathy”, “macular degeneration age-related”, “glaucoma” and “retinopathy of prematurity,” covering the period from January 1, 2007, to May 3, 2021. We used the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) and the LILACS database (via Virtual Health Library) to identify relevant articles. RESULTS: We retrieved 457 references, of which 47 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. CONCLUSION: Use of technology, as embodied in AI algorithms, is a way of providing an increasingly accurate service and enhancing scientific research. This forms a source of complement and innovation in relation to the daily skills of ophthalmologists. Thus, AI adds technology to human expertise.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a dor e o desconforto da cera tectomia fotorefrativa mecânica vs transepitelial. Métodos: Este estudo comparativo prospectivo incluiu 190 olhos de 95 pacientes com hipermetropia, astigmatismo e miopia que foram submetidos a ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica em um olho e ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial no olho contralateral usando o laser excimer wavelight Allegretto EX500.O intervalo entre as operações no mesmo paciente foi de 15 a 30 dias. Ambos os olhos tiveram a refração similar antes da cirurgia, com uma diferença máxima de 15-µm na ablação. Os questionários pós-operatórios foram aplicados nos dias 1 e 7 para avaliar o nível de desconforto dos pacientes (0= sem desconforto para 5= desconforto extremo) com os seguintes sintomas: dor, sensação de queimação, coceira, lacrimejamento, fotofobia, vermelhidão dos olhos, sensação corpo estranho e inchaço das pálpebras. Os pacientes também foram questionados sobre qual método eles preferiram. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 61 (64,21%) mulheres e 34 (35,79%) Homens. A idade média (SD) do paciente era 31.66 (6.69) anos. No primeiro dia pós-operatório, os pacientes relataram menos desconforto no olho que recebeu ceratectomia fotorefrativa me cânica do que ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial (1,9 ± 1,74 vs 2,5 ± 1,83; p=0,017), sensação de queimação (1,8 ± 1,56 vs 2,5 ± 1,68; p=0,004), la crimejamento (2,3 ± 1,71 vs 3,1 ± 1,69; p=0,001), e sensação corpo estranho (1,9 ± 1,77 vs 2,5 ± 1,86; p=0,024). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica e ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial no dia 7 pós-operatório. Cinquenta e nove pacientes (62,10%) preferiram ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica, enquanto 32 (33,68%) preferiram ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial. Quatro pacientes (4,22%) não expressaram nenhuma preferência. Conclusões: Nossos resultados mostraram que os escores de dor foram significativamente menores nos olhos tratados pelo ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica do que nos olhos tratados com ceratectomia fotorefrativa transepithelial no primeiro dia pós-operatório, o que pode ter proporcionado maior conforto do paciente após a cirurgia e os levou a ter uma preferência pela técnica ceratectomia fotorefrativa mecânica.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare postoperative pain and discomfort between mechanical and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomies. Methods: This prospective comparative study included 190 eyes of 95 patients with hyperopia (up to +4.00 D), astigmatism (up to -5.00 D), and myopia (up to -8.00 D) who underwent mechanical photorefractive keratectomy in one eye and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy in the contralateral eye using Wavelight Allegretto EX500 excimer laser. The patients were unaware of the side treated with each technique. The interval between operations in the same patient was 15-30 days. Both eyes had similar refraction before surgery, with a maximum of 15-µm difference in ablation. Postoperative questionnaires were administered on days 1 and 7 to assess the patients’ level of discomfort (0=no discomfort to 5=extreme discomfort) with the following symptoms: pain, burning sensation, itchiness, tearing, photophobia, eye redness, foreign body sensation, and eyelid swelling. Patients were also asked about which method they preferred. Results: The sample consisted of 61 women (64.21%) and 34 men (35.79%). The mean (SD) patient age was 31.66 (6.69) years (range, 22-54 years). On postoperative day 1, the patients reported significantly less discomfort in terms of pain (1.9 ± 1.74 vs 2.5 ± 1.83; p=0.017), burning sensation (1.8 ± 1.56 vs 2.5 ± 1.68; p=0.004), tearing (2.3 ± 1.71 vs 3.1 ± 1.69; p=0.001), and foreign body sensation (1.9 ± 1.77 vs 2.5 ± 1.86; p=0.024) in the eye that received mechanical photorefractive keratectomy than in the eye that received transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy. No significant differences were found between the mechanical and transepithelial photorefractive keratectomies on postoperative day 7. Fifty-nine patients (62.10%) preferred mechanical photorefractive keratectomy, while 32 (33.68%) preferred transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy. Four patients (4.22%) expressed no preference. Conclusions: Our results showed that pain scores were significantly lower in the mechanical photorefractive keratectomy-treated eyes than in the transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy-treated eyes on postoperative day 1, which may have provided greater patient comfort after surgery and led patients to prefer the mechanical photorefractive keratectomy technique.

BACKGROUND: Considerable numbers of individuals present low vision, blindness, illiteracy and other conditions that could possibly impair their identification of medications, such as eye drops. Through helping these individuals to identify their eye drops, they can achieve greater autonomy. Misidentification can be avoided through use of multisensory sleeves that can be adapted to most eye drop bottles. Correct use of eye drops is important for preventing progression of diseases like glaucoma that could potentially lead to blindness. OBJECTIVE: To develop bottle sleeves to aid in identification of eye drops and then interview a group of possible users to evaluate the acceptance of the solution. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey performed at an ophthalmological clinic in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We describe the development of multisensory sleeves to assist in identification of eye drops. To assess the acceptance of this solution, we interviewed 18 patients who were currently using three or more types of eye drops. RESULTS: We developed four prototypes for eye drop bottle sleeves and conducted an acceptance test on them. Most of the patients who answered the survey about the sleeves were elderly. Most (95%) reported believing that the sleeves would help reduce the risk of mixing up eye drops with other medications that also dispense drops. They also believed that these would increase their autonomy in using eye drops. CONCLUSION: The solution presented was well accepted and may help increase safety in using eye drops through preventing misidentification.

RESUMO Faz parte das ciências ômicas buscar entender como funciona o sistema celular dos organismos e estudar suas alterações biológicas. Como parte das ciências ômicas, destacam-se a genômica, cuja função é o estudo dos genes; a transcriptômica, que estuda as mudanças nos transcritos; a proteômica, responsável por entender as mudanças que ocorrem nas proteínas, e a metabolômica, que estuda todo o metabolismo das alterações que ocorrem em um determinado sistema quando ele é submetido a diferentes tipos de estímulos. A metabolômica é a ciência que estuda os metabólitos endógenos e exógenos em sistemas biológicos, visando fornecer informações comparativas quantitativas ou semiquantitativas sobre todos os metabólitos do sistema. Esta revisão teve como objetivo descrever as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica na oftalmologia. Trata-se de revisão narrativa desenvolvida por um grupo de pesquisa da Universidade Federal de São Paulo, em São Paulo (SP). Buscaram-se, na literatura, as principais aplicações da ciência metabolômica em oftalmologia, utilizando as bases de dados Medline® e Lilacs, com as palavras-chave “metabolomics” e “oftalmologia”, de 1º de janeiro de 2009 a 5 de abril de 2021. Foram recuperadas 216 referências, das quais 58 foram consideradas elegíveis para revisão intensiva e análise crítica. O estudo do metaboloma permite um melhor entendimento do metabolismo dos tecidos oculares. Os resultados são importantes para auxiliar no diagnóstico e como preditores da progressão de muitas doenças oculares e sistêmicas.

ABSTRACT It is part of the omic sciences to search for an understanding of how the cellular system of organisms works as well as studying their biological changes. As part of the omic sciences, we can highlight the genomics whose function is the study of genes, the transcriptomics that studies the changes in the transcripts, the proteomics responsible for understanding the changes that occur in proteins, and the metabolomics that studies all the metabolic changes that occur in a certain system when it is submitted to different types of stimuli. Metabolomics is the science that studies the endogenous and exogenous metabolites in biological systems, which aims to provide comparative quantitative or semi-quantitative information about all metabolites in the system. This review aims to describe the main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmolog. We searched the literature on main applications of metabolomics science in ophthalmology, using the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, with the keywords “metabolomics” and “ophthalmology”, from January 1, 2009, to April 5, 2021. We retrieved 216 references, of which 58 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. The study of the metabolome allows a better understanding of the metabolism of ocular tissues. The results are important to aid diagnosis and as predictors of the progression of many eye and systemic diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Medir a acuidade visual em alto e baixo contraste nas diversas graduações de transparência de filmes em três janelas de veículos: frontal, lateral e traseira. Métodos: Foram avaliados 44 voluntários saudáveis entre 30 e 75 anos, com acuidade visual melhor corrigida acima de 0,5, em cinco veículos, sendo: veículo 1, com 75% de transparência frontal e 70% na lateral e traseira; veículo 2, com 70% na frontal e na lateral e 28% na traseira; veículo 3, com 70% na frontal, 28% na lateral e 15% na traseira; veículo 4, com 35% nas três janelas; e veículo 5, com 50% na frontal, 20% na lateral e 15% na traseira. Foi realizada estatística descritiva utilizando a média de três medidas consecutivas, com teste de Wilcoxon para comparar a média de acuidade visual em cada janela, e foi considerado estatisticamente significativo quando valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Todas as transparências testadas nos vidros reduziram a acuidade visual em situação de baixo contraste para níveis limítrofes na janela frontal e níveis ilegais na lateral para conduzir veículos nas categorias C/D/E. Na janela traseira, tanto em alto quanto em baixo contraste, todas as transparências mostraram redução da acuidade visual para níveis ilegais para categorias C/D/E e limítrofes para as categorias A/B, exceto na transparência de 35%. Conclusão: A acuidade visual é reduzida pelo uso dos filmes automotivos, especialmente na janela traseira. Condutores de veículos com filmes devem ser alertados pelo risco aumentado de acidentes. Esse dado científico propõe revisões nas regulações de tráfego mundiais.

ABSTRACT Objective: To measure visual acuity in high contrast and low contrast sensitivities in different grades of visible light transmission films in three different positions (front, lateral and rear windows). Methods: Forty-four healthy volunteers between 30-75 y-o, with BCVA better than 0,5, were tested in the 5 following vehicles with different grades of visible light transmission films. Vehicle 1: 75% in the front and 70% in the lateral and rear windows; Vehicle 2: 70% in the front and lateral windows and 28% in the rear; Vehicle 3: 70% in the front, 28% in the lateral and 15% rear; Vehicle 4: 35% in all 3 windows; Vehicle 5: 50% in the front, 20% in the lateral and 15% in the rear. Descriptive statistics were used and the average of the 3 measurements of VA was considered. Wilcoxon Test was applied to compare the average visual acuity in each vehicle and position. P value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: According to the Brazilian Traffic Regulations for driving in categories C/D/E, when low contrast was tested in the front window, all visible light transmissions were borderline, in the lateral window they were all outside the limit, while in the rear window for both low and high contrast, all visible light transmissions tested were outside the limit and also borderline for driving in categories A/B, with the exception of the vehicle with visible light transmission of 35%. Conclusion: Visual acuity is affected, especially in the rear window, by the use of automotive films. The study is an alert that window films is a possible cause of accidents and may contribute to the revision of traffic regulations worldwide.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the most common ophthalmologic disorders in pregnant women seen in a hospital in Munich in Germany using a big data analysis system, as well as to compare the results obtained with those from other epidemiological studies that used different data acquisition methods. Methods We retrospectively analyzed electronic health records of pregnant women who were seen at the ophthalmology department from 2003 to 2019 at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München hospital. The main complaints that led to ophthalmic consultations during this period were evaluated, and also the variation in intraocular pressure of patients throughout gestational trimesters by analyzing data from the data warehouse system. Results A total of 27,326 electronic health records were analyzed. Of participants, 149 (0.54%) required eye care during pregnancy. Their mean intraocular pressure was 17mmHg in the first trimester, 12mmHg in the second trimester, and 14mmHg in the third trimester. The most prevalent findings were dry eye (29.3%) and conjunctivitis (16%), and ametropia (16%). The most common posterior segment problem was diabetic retinopathy (4.6%). The lower mean intraocular pressure in the second and third trimester found in our study is in accordance with other studies that used other method for data acquisition. Conclusion The most common ophthalmic conditions found in this study population were dry eye, conjunctivitis, and ametropia. The use of data warehouse proved to be useful for acquiring and analyzing data from many patients. This study results are comparable with other studies in published literature that adopted different methodology.

BACKGROUND: The new coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and has repercussions within ophthalmological care. It has caused ocular manifestations in some patients, which can spread through eye secretions. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this review was to summarize the currently available evidence on COVID-19 with regard to its implications for ophthalmology. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review developed by a research group at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil, and at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany. METHODS: We searched the literature on the repercussions of COVID-19 within ophthalmological care, using the MEDLINE and LILACS databases, with the keywords “COVID-19”, “ophthalmology” and “coronavirus”, from January 1, 2020, to March 27, 2021. Clinical trials, meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials, reviews and systematic reviews were identified. RESULTS: We retrieved 884 references, of which 42 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. Most of the studies selected reported the evidence regarding COVID-19 and its implications for ophthalmology. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of eye symptoms and ocular transmission of the virus remains incomplete. New clinical trials with larger numbers of patients may answer these questions in the future. Moreover, positively, implementation of innovative changes in medicine such as telemedicine and artificial intelligence may assist in diagnosing eye diseases and in training and education for students.

Resumo Introdução: Discutimos o Potencial Estético-Formativo da Literatura para uma Crítica Estética da tecnologia em seus diversos âmbitos entre estudante dos cursos superiores em Tecnologia em Saúde da UNIFESP. Objetivos: Verificar o potencial estético da literatura para pensar a tecnologia. Metodologia: Leitura de clássicos da literatura universal por meio da Metodologia do Laboratório de Humanidades e Tecnologia, atividade complementar oferecida aos estudantes dos cursos de tecnologia em saúde da UNIFESP. Para coleta dos dados usamos da Observação Participante e História Oral de Vida. Análise fundamentada na Fenomenologia Hermenêutica. Resultados: Com base em uma compreensão Estética da formação da Racionalidade humana, nossa atividade parece ser capaz de promover a análise crítica da tecnologia sob diversos âmbitos, tanto conceituais quanto para uma prática social e produtiva. Conclusão: Sugerimos a metodologia do LabHumTec como meio de possibilitar uma formação estética e humanística para produção e inovação tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction: This paper reflects the Aesthetic-Formative Potential of Literature, considering the various aspects of Aesthetic Criticism of technology, which were discussed among undergraduate students of Health Technology at UNIFESP. Objectives: Our aim is to analyze the aesthetic potential of literature to think about technology. Methodology: Reading and discussions based on classics from universal literature during the meetings of the Complementary Activity, named Methodology of the Humanities and Technology Laboratory, which was offered to students of Health Technology courses at UNIFESP. For data collection, we used Participant Observation and Oral History of Life methods. The analysis was based on Hermeneutic Phenomenology. Results: Based on an Aesthetic understanding of the formation of Human Rationality, our activity seems capable of promoting the critical analysis of science and technology in various areas, both conceptual and social and productive practice. Conclusion: This research suggests the LabHumTec methodology as a way to enable an aesthetic and humanistic formation for production and technological innovation.

Resumo Introdução: Discutimos o Potencial Estético-Formativo da Literatura para uma Crítica Estética da tecnologia em seus diversos âmbitos entre estudante dos cursos superiores em Tecnologia em Saúde da UNIFESP. Objetivos: Verificar o potencial estético da literatura para pensar a tecnologia. Metodologia: Leitura de clássicos da literatura universal por meio da Metodologia do Laboratório de Humanidades e Tecnologia, atividade complementar oferecida aos estudantes dos cursos de tecnologia em saúde da UNIFESP. Para coleta dos dados usamos da Observação Participante e História Oral de Vida. Análise fundamentada na Fenomenologia Hermenêutica. Resultados: Com base em uma compreensão Estética da formação da Racionalidade humana, nossa atividade parece ser capaz de promover a análise crítica da tecnologia sob diversos âmbitos, tanto conceituais quanto para uma prática social e produtiva. Conclusão: Sugerimos a metodologia do LabHumTec como meio de possibilitar uma formação estética e humanística para produção e inovação tecnológica.

Abstract Introduction: This paper reflects the Aesthetic-Formative Potential of Literature, considering the various aspects of Aesthetic Criticism of technology, which were discussed among undergraduate students of Health Technology at UNIFESP. Objectives: Our aim is to analyze the aesthetic potential of literature to think about technology. Methodology: Reading and discussions based on classics from universal literature during the meetings of the Complementary Activity, named Methodology of the Humanities and Technology Laboratory, which was offered to students of Health Technology courses at UNIFESP. For data collection, we used Participant Observation and Oral History of Life methods. The analysis was based on Hermeneutic Phenomenology. Results: Based on an Aesthetic understanding of the formation of Human Rationality, our activity seems capable of promoting the critical analysis of science and technology in various areas, both conceptual and social and productive practice. Conclusion: This research suggests the LabHumTec methodology as a way to enable an aesthetic and humanistic formation for production and technological innovation.